In The Righteous Mind, psychologist Jonathan Haidt explores why people disagree so intensely about politics, religion, and moral values. He argues that moral judgments arise first from our intuition or gut feelings (which he compares to an elephant) and then are explained by our reasoning (which he compares to a rider on that elephant). Essentially, we often “feel” what’s right or wrong before we can put it into words.

Haidt outlines six main moral “foundations” he believes most humans share: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, sanctity/degradation, and liberty/oppression. Different cultures or political groups may place greater emphasis on some foundations than on others. For example, some people might value fairness above all else, while others prioritize loyalty and authority. This can lead to deep misunderstandings when each side believes it alone holds the moral high ground.

He also delves into the evolutionary roots of morality, suggesting that humans developed moral behavior to live in groups more effectively. This helps explain why we may feel such strong emotions—like disgust or outrage—when we see others violating our group’s moral code. Haidt says these reactions can bond groups together, but they can also create an “us vs. them” mentality that increases conflict.

Part of The Righteous Mind examines how liberals, conservatives, and libertarians differ in their moral focus. Haidt’s research shows that liberals care strongly about harm and fairness, whereas conservatives often include loyalty, authority, and sanctity alongside these values. Understanding these differences, he argues, is crucial if we want more productive debates. Instead of labeling opponents as “bad” or “ignorant,” we can appreciate that they may be drawn to other moral foundations.

Haidt believes that recognizing our moral intuitions can help us become more open-minded. If we realize that everyone’s moral beliefs begin with gut feelings, we might be less quick to dismiss people with different views. He also encourages people to form friendships and social bonds across political divides, as these connections can reduce hostility.

Ultimately, The Righteous Mind offers insight into why conflicts over beliefs can be so heated and personal. It suggests that stepping outside our moral “bubbles” and trying to understand others can lead to better conversations and possible compromises. Haidt doesn’t claim there’s a perfect way to resolve all moral arguments, but he does hope his book will help readers see that our moral instincts, while powerful, don’t have to trap us in endless political and cultural battles.